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1 Working Toward Excellence Newsletter
Mass media: WTEУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Working Toward Excellence Newsletter
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2 travailler
travailler [tʀavaje]➭ TABLE 11. intransitive verba. to work• faire travailler sa tête or sa matière grise to set one's mind to work• fais travailler ta tête ! use your head!• travailler en usine/à domicile to work in a factory/at home• dans ce pays on fait travailler les enfants à huit ans in this country they put children to work at the age of eightb. ( = s'exercer) [artiste, acrobate, musicien] to practise ; [boxeur] to trainc. [métal, bois] to warp2. transitive verba. ( = façonner) [+ matière, verre, fer] to work• travailler la pâte ( = pétrir) to knead the doughb. ( = potasser, améliorer) to work on• travailler le chant/piano to practise singing/the piano► travailler à [+ livre, projet] to work on ; [+ cause, but] to work for ; ( = s'efforcer d'obtenir) to work towardsc. [doutes, faits] to worry ; [douleur] to torment• cette idée/ce projet le travaille this idea/this plan is very much on his mind* * *tʀavaje
1.
1) ( pour perfectionner) to work on [style, matière scolaire, voix, muscles]; to practise [BrE] [sport, instrument, chant]2) ( manipuler) to work [bois, métal]; Culinaire to knead [pâte]; Agriculture to work, to cultivate [terre]; to cultivate [vigne]3) ( préoccuper)travailler quelqu'un — [affaire, idée] to be ou prey on somebody's mind, to bother somebody; ( tourmenter) [jalousie, douleur] to plague somebody
ce sont ses dents qui le travaillent — ( parlant d'un bébé) he is out of sorts because he's teething
2.
travailler à verbe transitif indirecttravailler à — to work on [projet, dissertation]; to work toward(s) [objectif]
travailler à rétablir la paix — to endeavour [BrE] to restore peace
3.
verbe intransitif1) ( faire un effort) [personne, machine] to work; [muscles] to work2) ( exercer un métier) to worktravailler en équipes/de nuit — to work shifts/nights
travailler au noir — gén to work without declaring one's earnings; ( exercer un second emploi non déclaré) to moonlight
3) Commerce ( faire des affaires) [commerçant, magasin, hôtel] to do businesstravailler à perte — [entreprise, commerce] to run at a loss
4) ( produire un revenu)5) ( œuvrer)nous voulons la paix et c'est dans ce sens que nous travaillons — we want peace and we are working toward(s) it
6) ( s'entraîner) [athlète] to train; [boxeur] to train, to work out; [musicien, danseur] to practise [BrE]7) ( se modifier) [bois] to warp; [vin] to ferment8) ( se déformer) [poutre] to be in stress* * *tʀavaje1. vi1) [personne] to work2) [bois] to warp2. vt1) (= façonner) [bois, métal] to work, [pâte] to knead, [objet d'art] to work on2) [discipline]travailler son piano — to do one's piano practice Grande-Bretagne to do one's piano practise USA
3) (= préoccuper)4) (= influencer) to work ontravailler à — to work on, (= contribuer à) to work towards
travailler à faire — to endeavour to do Grande-Bretagne to endeavor to do USA
* * *travailler verb table: aimerA vtr1 ( pour perfectionner) to work on [style, matière scolaire, mouvement, voix, muscles]; to practiseGB [sport, instrument, chant, sonate]; travailler son latin to work on one's Latin; travailler le saut en longueur to practiseGB the long jump;2 ( manipuler) to work [bois, métal]; Culin to knead [pâte]; to stir [sth] until smooth [sauce]; Agric to work, to cultivate [terre]; to cultivate [vigne];4 ( préoccuper) travailler qn [affaire, idée] to be ou prey on sb's mind, to bother sb; ( tourmenter) [jalousie, douleur] to plague sb; je ne sais pas ce qui le travaille I don't know what's bothering him; un doute me travaillait I had a nagging doubt; c'est la jalousie qui le travaille he's plagued ou tormented by jealousy; ce sont ses dents qui le travaillent ( parlant d'un bébé) he is out of sorts because he's teething.B travailler à vtr ind travailler à to work on [projet, dissertation]; to work towards [objectif]; travailler quatre ans à sa thèse to work on one's thesis for four years; travailler à rétablir la paix to endeavourGB to restore peace; travailler à la perte de qn to try to engineer sb's downfall.C vi1 ( faire un effort) [personne, machine] to work; [muscles] to work; travailler de ses mains to work with one's hands; travailler sur un texte/projet to work on a text/project; faire travailler un élève to make a pupil work; faire travailler ses biceps to use one's biceps; faire travailler son cerveau to apply one's mind; ton imagination travaille trop you have an overactive imagination;2 ( exercer un métier) to work; travailler en usine/à domicile to work in a factory/at home; travailler dans l'édition/le textile to work in publishing/textiles; travailler comme secrétaire to work as a secretary; travailler en équipes/de nuit to work shifts/nights; travailler en indépendant to work freelance, to be self-employed; ta mère travaille? does your mother work?; il a hâte de travailler he can't wait to start work; faire travailler les enfants to put children to work; travailler au noir gén to work without declaring one's earnings; ( exercer un second emploi non déclaré) to moonlight;3 ( faire des affaires) Comm [commerçant, magasin, hôtel] to do business; bien travailler to do good business; l'épicier/restaurant ne travaille pas beaucoup the grocer/restaurant isn't doing much business; travailler avec l'étranger to do business abroad; travailler pour l'exportation to work in exports; nous travaillons surtout l'été/avec les touristes most of our trade is in the summer/with tourists; travailler à perte [entreprise, commerce] to run at a loss;4 ( produire un revenu) [argent] to work; faire travailler son argent to make one's money work for one;5 ( œuvrer) travailler pour/contre qn to work for/against sb; nous voulons la paix et c'est dans ce sens que nous travaillons we want peace and we are working toward(s) it; travailler pour/contre ses intérêts to act in/against one's own interests;6 ( s'entraîner) [athlète] to train; [boxeur] to train, work out; [musicien, danseur] to practiseGB; travailler aux barres parallèles to work on the parallel bars;7 ( se modifier) [bois] to warp; [vin] to ferment; [pâte] to prove, to rise;8 ( se déformer) [poutre] to be in stress.[travaje] verbe intransitif1. [être actif] to worktu as le temps de travailler avant dîner you've got time to do some work ou to get some work done before dinnertravailler à ou sur une chanson to work at ou on a songtravailler comme un bœuf ou forçat to slave away, to work like a Trojan2. [avoir une profession] to workvous travaillez? do you work?, do you have a job?j'ai arrêté de travailler à 55 ans I stopped work ou retired at 55travailler pour payer ses études to work one's way through college/universitytravailler en free-lance to do freelance work, to be a freelancer3. [faire des affaires] to do (good) businessentreprise qui travaille bien/mal/à perte thriving/stagnating/lossmaking firm4. [pratiquer son activité - artiste, athlète] to practise, to train ; [ - boxeur] to work out, to trainfaire travailler ses jambes to make one's legs work, to exercise one's legsc'est ton imagination qui travaille your imagination's working overtime, you're imagining things6. [suivi d'une préposition]travailler à [succès] to work ou to strive fortravailler contre/pour to work against/forle temps travaille contre/pour nous time is working against us/is on our side————————[travaje] verbe transitif1. [façonner - bois, bronze, glaise] to work[CUISINE - mélange, sauce] to stirb. [peintre] to work the paste2. [perfectionner - discours, style] to work on (inseparable), to polish up (separable), to hone ; [ - matière scolaire] to work at ou on (inseparable), to go over (inseparable) ; [ - concerto, scène] to work on, to rehearse3. [obséder] to worryêtre travaillé par le remords/l'angoisse to be tormented by remorse/anxiety4. [tenter d'influencer] to work on (inseparable) -
3 estudiar una Titulación
(v.) = work toward/on + TitulaciónEx. Mr. Malinconico has a bachelor's and a master's degree in physics, and is working toward a doctorate from Columbia University in that subject.* * *(v.) = work toward/on + TitulaciónEx: Mr. Malinconico has a bachelor's and a master's degree in physics, and is working toward a doctorate from Columbia University in that subject.
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4 hacer una Titulación
(v.) = work toward/on + TitulaciónEx. Mr. Malinconico has a bachelor's and a master's degree in physics, and is working toward a doctorate from Columbia University in that subject.* * *(v.) = work toward/on + TitulaciónEx: Mr. Malinconico has a bachelor's and a master's degree in physics, and is working toward a doctorate from Columbia University in that subject.
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5 С-696
В СЧЁТ чего PrepP Invar Prep the resulting PrepP is adv1. (some money, goods etc are given or received) as part of (eventual full payment for some item, full reimbursement for s.o. 's work, settlement of a debt etc): againsttoward to be applied against (toward) to be counted toward.Вот 20 рублей в счёт платы за магнитофон. Here's twenty rubles toward the tape recorder.Он (старый Хабуг) сказал, что отделяет Харлампо тридцать коз в счёт его будущей работы (Искандер 5). ( context transl) Не (old Khabug) said that he would set Harlampo up with thirty goats, to be repaid with future work (5a).2. (some work is done, action is carried out etc) as part of or contributing to (a larger obligation, plan, design etc that is yet to be fulfilled)toward.План на этот год мы уже выполнили, сейчас работаем в счет будущего года. We've already fulfilled this year's plan-now we're working toward next year's.(Маленькие изуверы с командирскими нашивками на рукавах) били всех и всякого по поводу и без повода, в счет будущего, авансом, для острастки (Максимов 2). ( context transl) They (the little fanatics with officers' badges on their sleeves) would beat up anyone with and without reason, as an advance on future punishment and for sheer intimidation (2a). -
6 в счет
[PrepP; Invar; Prep; the resulting PrepP is adv]=====1. (some money, goods etc are given or received) as part of (eventual full payment for some item, full reimbursement for s.o.'s work, settlement of a debt etc):- against;- toward;- to be applied against < toward>;- to be counted toward.♦ Вот 20 рублей в счёт платы за магнитофон. Here's twenty rubles toward the tape recorder.♦ Он [старый Хабу г] сказал, что отделяет Харлампо тридцать коз в счёт его будущей работы (Искандер 5). [context transl] Не [old Khabug] said that he would set Harlampo up with thirty goats, to be repaid with future work (5a).2. (some work is done, action is carried out etc) as part of or contributing to (a larger obligation, plan, design etc that is yet to be fulfilled):- toward.♦ План на этот год мы уже выполнили, сейчас работаем в счёт будущего года. We've already fulfilled this year's plan-now we're working toward next year's.♦ [Маленькие изуверы с командирскими нашивками на рукавах] били всех и всякого по поводу и без повода, в счёт будущего, авансом, для острастки (Максимов 2). [context transl] They [the little fanatics with officers' badges on their sleeves] would beat up anyone with and without reason, as an advance on future punishment and for sheer intimidation (2a). -
7 lossteuern
v/i (trennb., ist -ge-): lossteuern auf (+ Akk) make for, head for; fig., ein Ziel: have set one’s sights on; ein Examen etc.: be working toward(s); eine Katastrophe: be heading for* * *los|steu|ernvi sep aux seinauf jdn/etw lóssteuern — to head or make for sb/sth
* * *los|steu·ernvi Hilfsverb: sein▪ auf jdn/etw \lossteuern to head [or make] straight for sb/sth* * *lossteuern v/i (trennb, ist -ge-):lossteuern auf (+akk) make for, head for; fig, ein Ziel: have set one’s sights on; ein Examen etc: be working toward(s); eine Katastrophe: be heading for -
8 doctorado
m.doctorate.past part.past participle of spanish verb: doctorarse.* * *1 doctorate, PhD* * *noun m.doctorate, PhD* * *SM doctorate, PhD* * *masculino doctorate, PhD* * *= doctorate, PhD (Latín - Philosophiae Doctor), Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy), D. Phil (Doctor of Philosophy), earned doctorate.Nota: Aquí earned se utiliza para indicar que se ha conseguido estudiando más que como mérito honorífico.Ex. Mr. Malinconico has a bachelor's and a master's degree in physics, and is working toward a doctorate from Columbia University in that subject.Ex. The pre-1959 literature focused on the question of whether degrees in other disciplines were likely to be of more value than the PhD in library science.Ex. She achieved scholarly distinction with the attainment of the Ph.D. in history of science from the University of Pennsylvania.Ex. The review process, conducted among members of staff and D. Phil students, is described and results analysed.Ex. Less than 0.5% of the 100,000 women librarians in the USA have an earned doctorate.----* estudiante de doctorado = doctoral student, Ph.D. candidate, Ph.D. student, doctoral candidate, doctoral graduate.* programa de doctorado = doctoral program(me), doctoral degree programme.* que no ofrece doctorado = non-doctoral granting.* * *masculino doctorate, PhD* * *= doctorate, PhD (Latín - Philosophiae Doctor), Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy), D. Phil (Doctor of Philosophy), earned doctorate.Nota: Aquí earned se utiliza para indicar que se ha conseguido estudiando más que como mérito honorífico.Ex: Mr. Malinconico has a bachelor's and a master's degree in physics, and is working toward a doctorate from Columbia University in that subject.
Ex: The pre-1959 literature focused on the question of whether degrees in other disciplines were likely to be of more value than the PhD in library science.Ex: She achieved scholarly distinction with the attainment of the Ph.D. in history of science from the University of Pennsylvania.Ex: The review process, conducted among members of staff and D. Phil students, is described and results analysed.Ex: Less than 0.5% of the 100,000 women librarians in the USA have an earned doctorate.* estudiante de doctorado = doctoral student, Ph.D. candidate, Ph.D. student, doctoral candidate, doctoral graduate.* programa de doctorado = doctoral program(me), doctoral degree programme.* que no ofrece doctorado = non-doctoral granting.* * *el doctorado le llevó 5 años it took her five years to do her doctorate o PhDestudiante de doctorado PhD student, doctoral student ( frml)* * *
Del verbo doctorar: ( conjugate doctorar)
doctorado es:
el participio
doctorado sustantivo masculino
doctorate, PhD
doctorado m Univ
1 doctorate
2 PhD (abr de Doctor of Philosophy)
' doctorado' also found in these entries:
English:
degree
- doctorate
- honorary doctorate
- PhD
* * *doctorado nmdoctorate;alumno/curso de doctorado doctoral student/course;hacer/sacarse el doctorado to do/get one's PhD o doctorate* * *m doctorate* * *doctorado nm: doctorate -
9 sens
sens [sɑ̃s]1. masculine nouna. ( = goût, vue etc) senseb. ( = instinct) sense• avoir le sens du rythme/de l'humour to have a sense of rhythm/of humourc. ( = signification) meaning• au sens propre/figuré in the literal figurative sense• au sens large/strict du terme in the general/strict sense of the word• en ce sens que... in the sense that...• la culture, au sens où il l'entend culture, as he understands itd. ( = direction) direction• aller dans le bon/mauvais sens to go the right/wrong way• arriver en sens contraire or inverse to arrive from the opposite direction• il a retourné la boîte dans tous les sens avant de l'ouvrir he turned the box this way and that before opening it• ça va or part dans tous les sens (figurative) it's all over the place• la circulation dans le sens Paris-province/province-Paris traffic out of/into Parise. ( = ligne directrice) il a agi dans le même sens he did more or less the same thing• être/mettre sens dessus dessous to be/turn upside downf. ► bon sens common sense• c'est le bon sens même de... it's only common sense to...2. compounds* * *sɑ̃s
1.
nom masculin invariable1) ( direction) lit, fig direction, waydans le sens de la largeur — widthways, across
dans le sens de la longueur — lengthways, longways US
être dans le bon/mauvais sens — to be the right/wrong way up
dans le sens des fils — ( de tissu) with the grain
sens dessus dessous — sɑ̃dəsydəsu ( à l'envers) upside down; ( en désordre) upside down; ( très troublé) very upset
sens devant derrière — sɑ̃dəvɑ̃dɛʀjɛʀ back to front
aller dans le bon sens — [réformes, mesures] to be a step in the right direction
le pays va dans le sens d'une plus grande indépendance — the country is moving toward(s) greater independence
2) ( signification) meaningcela n'a pas de sens — gén it doesn't make sense; (idiot, ridicule) it's absurd
3) ( fonction physiologique) sense4) ( intuition) sense
2.
nom masculin pluriel sensesPhrasal Verbs:••* * *sɑ̃s1. vbSee:2. nm1) (= odorat, ouïe) sense2) (= instinct) senseIl a perdu tout sens critique. — He's lost all critical sense.
Il n'a aucun sens esthétique. — He has no aesthetic sense.
avoir le sens de... — to have a sense of...
Je n'ai pas le sens de l'orientation. — I've got no sense of direction.
avoir le sens de l'humour — to have a sense of humour Grande-Bretagne to have a sense of humor USA
3) (= jugement)tomber sous le sens — to stand to reason, to be perfectly obvious
en dépit du bon sens — contrary to all good sense, contrary to common sense
4) (= signification) [mot, phrase] meaning, senseen un sens; dans un sens — in a way
ça n'a pas de sens — it doesn't make sense, it doesn't make any sense
5) (= direction) direction, wayIl y aura des bouchons dans le sens Paris-Chartres. — There will be traffic jams going out of Paris towards Chartres., There will be traffic jams going out of Paris in the Chartres direction.
dans l'autre sens — in the other direction, the other way
dans tous les sens — in every direction, all over the place
aller dans le bon sens — to go the right way, to go in the right direction
dans le mauvais sens — the wrong way, in the wrong direction
Tu tournes la poignée dans le mauvais sens. — You're turning the handle the wrong way., You're turning the handle in the wrong direction.
3. nmpl1) (= facultés) sensesreprendre ses sens — to come to, to regain consciousness
2) (sensualité) senses* * *A nm inv1 ( direction) lit, fig direction, way; dans les deux sens in both directions; aller dans le bon/mauvais sens to go the right/wrong way, to go in the right/wrong direction; elle venait en sens inverse she was coming from the opposite direction; mouvement en sens contraire backward movement; en tous sens in all directions; dans le sens Paris-Lyon in the Paris to Lyons direction; dans le sens de la largeur widthways, across; dans le sens de la longueur lengthways, longways US; être dans le bon/mauvais sens to be the right/wrong way up; des flèches dans tous les sens arrows pointing in all directions; retourner un problème dans tous les sens to consider a problem from every angle; courir dans tous les sens to run all over the place; dans le sens de la marche facing the engine; dans le sens des fils Tex with the grain; sens dessus dessous ( à l'envers) upside down; ( en désordre) upside down; ( très troublé) very upset; sens devant derrière back to front; aller dans le bon sens [réformes, mesures] to be a step in the right direction; des mesures qui vont dans le sens de notre rapport measures which are in line with our report; le pays va dans le sens d'une plus grande indépendance the country is moving toward(s) greater independence; le sens de l'histoire the tide of history; nous travaillons dans ce sens that's what we are working toward(s); ces facteurs ont œuvré dans le sens d'une baisse these factors have contributed to a fall;2 ( d'une action) meaning; (de mythe, symbole) meaning; (de mot, d'expression) meaning; le sens figuré/littéral/péjoratif d'un mot the figurative/literal/pejorative sense of a word; employer un mot au sens propre/figuré to use a word literally/figuratively; avoir un sens péjoratif to be pejorative, to have a pejorative sense; le sens premier de qch the original meaning of sth; au sens large/strict du terme in the broad/strict sense of the word; au sens propre du terme literally; au sens fort du terme in the fullest sense of the word; c'est correct, dans tous les sens du terme it's correct, in every sense of the word; prendre tout son sens [remarque, titre] to take on its full meaning; en un sens in a sense; en ce sens que in the sense that; cela n'a pas de sens gén it doesn't make sense; (idiot, ridicule) it's absurd; cela n'a de sens que si tu restes it makes no sense unless you stay;3 Physiol sense; avoir un sens de l'odorat très développé to have a very keen sense of smell; recouvrer fml or retrouver l'usage de ses sens to regain consciousness; avoir un sixième sens fig to have a sixth sense;4 ( intuition) sense; sens du rythme/devoir sense of rhythm/duty; avoir le sens des responsabilités to have a sense of responsibility; avoir le sens de l'orientation to have a good sense of direction; avoir le sens pratique to be practical; ne pas avoir de sens pratique to be impractical; avoir peu de sens critique to be uncritical; avoir le sens de l'organisation to be a good organizer; ne pas avoir le sens du ridicule not to realize when one looks silly; avoir le sens des affaires to have a flair ou head for business; ton sens des affaires your business sense; ne pas avoir le sens de la langue to have no feeling for language; n'avoir aucun sens des réalités to live in a dream world.B nmpl senses; plaisirs des sens sensual pleasures.sens commun common sense; sens giratoire roundabout GB, traffic circle US; suivez le sens giratoire go round the roundabout GB, follow the traffic circle around US; sens de l'humour sense of humourGB; avoir le sens de l'humour to have a sense of humourGB; sens interdit ( panneau) no-entry sign; ( rue) one-way street; sens obligatoire ( panneau) one-way sign; sens unique ( panneau) one-way sign; ( rue) one-way street; c'est à sens unique lit it's one-way; fig it's one-sided.tomber sous le sens to be patently obvious.[sɑ̃s] verbe→ link=sentir sentir————————[sɑ̃s] nom masculin1. PHYSIOLOGIE sense2. [instinct] sensebon sens, sens commun common senseça tombe sous le sens it's obvious, it stands to reason3. [opinion]à mon sens, c'est impossible as I see it ou to my mind, it's impossible4. [signification - d'un mot, d'une phrase] meaning (substantif comptable), sense ; [ - d'une allégorie, d'un symbole] meaning (substantif comptable)ce que tu dis n'a pas de sens [c'est inintelligible, déraisonnable] what you're saying doesn't make senselourd ou chargé de sens meaningfulau sens propre/figuré in the literal/figurative sense5. [direction] directionen sens inverse the other way round ou aroundpose l'équerre dans ce sens-là/l'autre sens lay the set square down this way/the other way roundscier une planche dans le sens de la largeur/longueur to saw a board widthwise/lengthwisedans le sens nord-sud/est-ouest in a southerly/westerly directionfais demi-tour, on va dans le mauvais sens! turn round, we're going the wrong way ou in the wrong direction!a. [panneau] no-entry signb. [rue] one-way streetêtre ou rouler en sens interdit to be going the wrong way up/down a one-way streetnous avons publié une brochure dans ce sens we have published a brochure along those (same) lines ou to that effect————————[sɑ̃s] nom masculin pluriel[sensualité] (carnal) sensesdans le sens où locution conjonctivedans un certain sens locution adverbiale→ link=dansdans le sens oùsens dessus dessous locution adverbialesens devant derrière locution adverbiale -
10 Cognitive Science
The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense.... [P]eople and intelligent computers turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)2) Experimental Psychology, Theoretical Linguistics, and Computational Simulation of Cognitive Processes Are All Components of Cognitive ScienceI went away from the Symposium with a strong conviction, more intuitive than rational, that human experimental psychology, theoretical linguistics, and computer simulation of cognitive processes were all pieces of a larger whole, and that the future would see progressive elaboration and coordination of their shared concerns.... I have been working toward a cognitive science for about twenty years beginning before I knew what to call it. (G. A. Miller, 1979, p. 9)Cognitive Science studies the nature of cognition in human beings, other animals, and inanimate machines (if such a thing is possible). While computers are helpful within cognitive science, they are not essential to its being. A science of cognition could still be pursued even without these machines.Computer Science studies various kinds of problems and the use of computers to solve them, without concern for the means by which we humans might otherwise resolve them. There could be no computer science if there were no machines of this kind, because they are indispensable to its being. Artificial Intelligence is a special branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which the mental powers of human beings can be captured by means of machines.There could be cognitive science without artificial intelligence but there could be no artificial intelligence without cognitive science. One final caveat: In the case of an emerging new discipline such as cognitive science there is an almost irresistible temptation to identify the discipline itself (as a field of inquiry) with one of the theories that inspired it (such as the computational conception...). This, however, is a mistake. The field of inquiry (or "domain") stands to specific theories as questions stand to possible answers. The computational conception should properly be viewed as a research program in cognitive science, where "research programs" are answers that continue to attract followers. (Fetzer, 1996, pp. xvi-xvii)What is the nature of knowledge and how is this knowledge used? These questions lie at the core of both psychology and artificial intelligence.The psychologist who studies "knowledge systems" wants to know how concepts are structured in the human mind, how such concepts develop, and how they are used in understanding and behavior. The artificial intelligence researcher wants to know how to program a computer so that it can understand and interact with the outside world. The two orientations intersect when the psychologist and the computer scientist agree that the best way to approach the problem of building an intelligent machine is to emulate the human conceptual mechanisms that deal with language.... The name "cognitive science" has been used to refer to this convergence of interests in psychology and artificial intelligence....This working partnership in "cognitive science" does not mean that psychologists and computer scientists are developing a single comprehensive theory in which people are no different from machines. Psychology and artificial intelligence have many points of difference in methods and goals.... We simply want to work on an important area of overlapping interest, namely a theory of knowledge systems. As it turns out, this overlap is substantial. For both people and machines, each in their own way, there is a serious problem in common of making sense out of what they hear, see, or are told about the world. The conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding is formidable and fascinating. (Schank & Abelson, 1977, pp. 1-2)Within the last dozen years a general change in scientific outlook has occurred, consonant with the point of view represented here. One can date the change roughly from 1956: in psychology, by the appearance of Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin's Study of Thinking and George Miller's "The Magical Number Seven"; in linguistics, by Noam Chomsky's "Three Models of Language"; and in computer science, by our own paper on the Logic Theory Machine. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitive Science
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11 Гонорий IV
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12 К-485
ДЕРЖАТЬ КУРС (ЛИНИЮ) на что media VP subj: human or collect) to follow a specific policy aimed at achieving sth.: X держит курс на Y - X is working toward Y X is striving to achieve Y. -
13 Р-372
БЕЗ РУЛЯ И БЕЗ ВЕТРИЛ lit PrepP Invar adv, nonagreeing modif, or subj-compl with быть« (subj: human fixed WOone lacks direction, a specific goal in life, one does sth. in an unfocused manner, not working toward a clear goallike a ship without a rudderrudderless and without sails (flounder (live, proceed etc)) without aim or direction.From Mikhail Lermontov's The Demon («Демон»), 1829-39. -
14 Ш-10
ШАГ ЗА ШАГОМ (ШАГ ЗА ШАГ obs) these forms only adv usu. used with impfv verbs fixed WO1. (to do sth. or sth. happens) steadilystep by steplittle by little one step at a time.«Ты говоришь Бонапарте но Бонапарте, когда он работал, шаг за шагом шёл к своей цели, он был свободен, у него ничего не было, кроме его цели, - и он достиг её» (Толстой 4)."...You talk of Bonaparte—why, when he was working toward his goal, he went forward step by step, he was freehe had nothing except his goal to consider, and he attained it" (4a).2. consecutively, doing each action in its proper orderstep by step.«Учёные различных стран напишут подробные исследования его произведений и шаг за шагом постараются проследить его таинственную жизнь» (Булгаков 5). "Scholars in diverse lands will write detailed analyses of his works, seeking step by step to reconstruct the mysterious thread of his life" (5a). -
15 аспирант
post-graduate student, graduate student• аспирант Смит - Mr. Smith is working toward his phd. Mr. Smith is a phd student. Mr. Smith is a phd student in the math department.• Его обязанности включают руководство несколькими аспирантами. - His duties include advising several phd students. -
16 студент
student• Большинство студентов-физиков должны знать... - Most students of physics would be aware of...• Книга должна быть доступна студентам всех уровней подготовки. - The book should be accessible to students at all levels.• Книга должна быть доступна начинающим студентам, специализирующимся в... - The book should be accessible to beginning students in...• Книга должна быть доступна студентам, завершившим основной курс... - The book should be accessible to students who have completed a basic course in...• Она (= книга) должна быть доступна как для студентов-магистров, так и для хорошо подготовленных бакалавров. - It should be accessible to graduate students as well as advanced undergraduates.• Эта книга предназначена в основном для студентов... - This book is intended primarily for the student of...• студент первого курса - (first year in college) Mr. Smith is a college freshman. Mr. Smith is a freshman at Indiana University.• студент второго курса - (second year in college) Mr. Smith is a college sophomore. Mr. Smith is a sophomore at Indiana University.• студент третьего курса - (third year in college) Mr. Smith is a college junior. Mr. Smith is a junior at Indiana University.• студент четвертого курса - (fourth year in college) Mr. Smith is a college senior. Mr. Smith is a senior at Indiana University.• получить степень бакалавра по физике. - Mr. Smith earned a bachelors degree in physics. Mr. Smith completed his bachelors degree in 1997. Mr. Smith received his bachelors degree with honors.• студент первого курса магистратуры - Mr. Smith is a first-year graduate student. Mr. Smith is in his first year of graduate school. Mr. Smith began his graduate studies this year.• студент второго курса магистратуры - Mr. Smith is in his second year of graduate school. Mr. Smith is studying for his masters degree. Mr. Smith is working toward a masters degree. -
17 держать курс
[VP; subj: human or collect]=====⇒ to follow a specific policy aimed at achieving sth.:- X is striving to achieve Y.Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > держать курс
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18 держать линию
[VP; subj: human or collect]=====⇒ to follow a specific policy aimed at achieving sth.:- X is striving to achieve Y.Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > держать линию
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19 без руля и без ветрил
• БЕЗ РУЛЯ И БЕЗ ВЕТРИЛ lit[PrepP; Invar; adv, nonagreeing modif, or subj-compl with быть (subj: human); fixed WO]=====⇒ one lacks direction, a specific goal in life, one does sth. in an unfocused manner, not working toward a clear goal:- (flounder <live, proceed etc>) without aim or direction.—————← From Mikhail Lermontov's The Demon ("Демон"), 1829-39.Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > без руля и без ветрил
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20 шаг за шаг
• ШАГ ЗА ШАГОМ <ШАГ ЗА ШАГ obs>[these forms only; adv; usu. used with impfv verbs; fixed WO]=====1. (to do sth. or sth. happens) steadily:- step by step;- one step at a time.♦ "Ты говоришь Бонапарте; но Бонапарте, когда он работал, шаг за шагом шёл к своей цели, он был свободен, у него ничего не было, кроме его цели, - и он достиг её" (Толстой 4). "...You talk of Bonaparte - why, when he was working toward his goal, he went forward step by step; he was free; he had nothing except his goal to consider, and he attained it" (4a).2. consecutively, doing each action in its proper order:- step by step.♦ "Учёные различных стран напишут подробные исследования его произведений и шаг за шагом постараются проследить его таинственную жизнь" (Булгаков 5). "Scholars in diverse lands will write detailed analyses of his works, seeking step by step to reconstruct the mysterious thread of his life" (5a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > шаг за шаг
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